Page 6 - Freshwater-Biology-and-Ecology-Handbook

Contents

FRESHWATER BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY HANDBOOK

Contents ..........................................................................................................................6 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................56
Foreword by VIPs ................................................................................................... 10 5.2 Chemical Status – priority substances ......................................58
1 Preface .........................................................................................................12 5.3 Ecological Status ...................................................................................60
2 Background to the Handbook ......................................................18 5.4 General physico-chemical quality elements ......................... 63
3 Development of Biological Monitoring and 5.5 Hydromorphological quality elements....................................... 64
Assessment Methods ...................................................................... 20
5.6 Biological quality elements ................................................................65
4 The Water Framework Directive and its Daughter
Directives ..................................................................................................24 5.7 Reference conditions ......................................................................... 68
Chapter 1 .............................................................................................26 5.7.1 Network of reference sites ............................................................... 69
Water Framework Directive Approach ................................26 5.7.2 Temporally based reference condition .......................................70

Brexit and the Water Framework Directive ...............................27 5.7.3 Modelling approaches .........................................................................71
1 Water Framework Directive context ............................................28 5.7.4 Expert judgement ....................................................................................71
1.1 Background ...............................................................................................28 5.8 Intercalibration ..........................................................................................71
1.2 Water Framework Directive technical guidance ................. 30 5.8.1 Aim of intercalibration ...........................................................................71
1.3 WFD timetable .........................................................................................32 5.8.2 Technical overview of intercalibration ........................................72
1.4 WFD progress in Europe ....................................................................34 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 74
2 Monitoring requirements of the EU WFD .................................. 36 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................76
2.1 Role of monitoring programmes .................................................... 36 Macroinvertebrate Monitoring and Assessment
Methods for WFD .................................................................................76
2.2 Basic principles of monitoring .........................................................37
1 Focus on standard invertebrate data collection that
2.3 Types of monitoring .............................................................................. 38 is used for river water body status classification ..................80

2.4 Monitoring frequency .......................................................................... 40 Types of monitoring ...............................................................................81
2.5 The use of ecological monitoring information – links 2 Design of invertebrate monitoring programmes ...................82
to pressures ...............................................................................................42
3 RIVPACS field and laboratory methods .....................................85
3 European and international standards for biological
monitoring ...................................................................................................44 Key documents describing RIVPACS sampling
methodologies ........................................................................................ 86
4 River basins – water bodies – catchments –
typology – sampling locations .........................................................46 4 When to sample ...................................................................................... 88
4.1 River basins ................................................................................................46 5 Site selection ............................................................................................90
4.2 Water bodies .............................................................................................47 6 General principles of RIVPACS sample collection ..............92
4.3 Catchments ...............................................................................................49 7 Selecting the appropriate RIVPACS sampling
method ..........................................................................................................94
4.4 Typology ..................................................................................................... 50
The three-minute hand-net sample ..............................................95
4.5 Sampling site selection within river basins ...............................52
7.1 Manual search ......................................................................................... 96
4.6 Sampling site selection within water bodies ...........................52
7.2 3-minute kick sampling from shallow rivers ............................ 96
5 WFD Surface Water Classification ...............................................54
7.3 3-minute sweeping with long-handled pond net
from deep narrow rivers ..................................................................... 98

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